DIGITAL PIGMENT PRINTING

Digital Pigment Print Definition 

The term "pigment print" is used generally for any type of printed image that uses strictly pigments. Pigment printing processes have been utilized since the middle of the 19th century. The image stability of pigment printing is superior to that of any other method of printing, including traditional silver-halide or metal-based. 

Digital inkjet printing has seen a surge in the use of the pigment ink as ink sets have been refined to be compatible with the latest in high-resolution inkjet technology.

Where archival dye-based ink sets exhibit excellent color gamut, pigment inks excel in permanence. A dye is molecularly soluble in its vehicle, but pigment is not. Pigment particles tend to be large enough to embed into the receiving substrate making them water-resistant. The particulate nature of pigment inks ensures their archival superiority. A particle of pigment is less susceptible to destructive environmental elements than a dye molecule.

Many digital papers have coatings which enhance color gamut. However, these delicate coatings are susceptible to scuffing and scratching, and diminish the archival properties of the print. Prints made with coated substrates are not considered true digital pigment prints.

Considering the above factors, TeraJet defines a digital pigment print, sometimes referred to as a pigmented paper print, as a digital image rendered onto an uncoated, natural fiber substrate with pigment inks.

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PIGMENT PRINTING

About Giclee Printing

The Definition : Giclee (zhee-klay) - The French word "giclée" is a feminine noun that means a spray or a spurt of liquid. The word may have been derived from the French verb "gicler" meaning "to squirt". 

The Term : The term  "giclee print" connotes an elevation in printmaking technology. Images are generated from high resolution digital scans and printed with archival quality inks onto various substrates including canvas, fine art, and photo-base paper. The giclee printing process provides better color accuracy than other means of reproduction. 

The Process : Giclee prints are created typically using professional 8-Color to 12-Color ink-jet printers. Among the manufacturers of these printers are vanguards such as Epson, MacDermid Colorspan, & Hewlett-Packard. These modern technology printers are capable of producing incredibly detailed prints for both the fine art and photographic markets. Giclee prints are sometimes mistakenly referred to as Iris prints, which are 4-Color ink-jet prints from a printer pioneered in the late 1970s by Iris Graphics. 

The Advantages : Giclee prints are advantageous to artists who do not find it feasible to mass produce their work, but want to reproduce their art as needed, or on-demand. Once an image is digitally archived, additional reproductions can be made with minimal effort and reasonable cost. The prohibitive up-front cost of mass production for an edition is eliminated. Archived files will not deteriorate in quality as negatives and film inherently do. Another tremendous advantage of giclee printing is that digital images can be reproduced to almost any size and onto various media, giving the artist the ability to customize prints for a specific client. 

The Quality : The quality of the giclee print rivals traditional silver-halide and gelatin printing processes and is commonly found in museums, art galleries, and photographic galleries. 

The Market : Numerous examples of giclee prints can be found in New York City at the Metropolitan Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, and the Chelsea Galleries. Recent auctions of giclee prints have fetched $10,800 for Annie Leibovitz, $9,600 for Chuck Close, and $22,800 for Wolfgang Tillmans (April 23/24 2004, Photographs, New York, Phillips de Pury & Company.)

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KOLORJET CHEMICALS INDIA

Pigments

Phthalocyanine (PC) pigments constitute a broad class of pigments. PC Blue and PC green are among the most important organic pigments.

Copper phthalocyanine blue is the copper (II) complex of tetra aza tetra benzoporphine (CPC) whereas Phthalocyanine green is its chlorinated derivative (Pigment green 7). The brominated derivative of CPC provide a yellowish green shade(Pigment green 36).

The specific crystal modification decide the hue of the product as in Alpha blue - red shade copper Phthalocyanine (Pigment Blue 15) and in Beta blue - green shade blue (Pigment Blue 15:3). The Alpha modification which is phase stabilised by partial chlorination called solvent stable alpha blue or Pigment Blue15:1.

The Alpha modification which is stabilised towards flocculation and the phase change are registered as Pigment Blue 15:2. These pigments find use in paints.

The details of the individual class of pigments together with its application is given separately. 

History of Acrylic Paints

Acrylics were first made commercially available in the 1950s. These were mineral spirit-based paints called Magna offered by Bocour Artist Colors. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as "latex" house paints, although acrylic dispersion uses no latex derived from arubber tree. Interior "latex" house paints tend to be a combination of binder (sometimes acrylic, vinyl, pva and others), filler, pigment andwater. Exterior "latex" house paints may also be a "co-polymer" blend, but the very best exterior water-based paints are 100% acrylic. Soon after the water-based acrylic binders were introduced as house paints, artists (the first of whom were Mexican muralists) and companies alike began to explore the potential of the new binders. Water soluble artist quality acrylic paints became commercially available in the early 1960s, offered by Liquitex.

Acrylic Paint

From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Red Acrylic Paint

Acrylic Paint is fast-drying paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media.

Alizarin (Pigment)

Detailed Description

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Iron Oxide Pigments

Iron oxide and hydroxide minerals occur in a variety of colours and have been used as pigments since prehistoric times. In France and northern Spain, cave paintings using iron oxide pigments have been dated at ~30 000 years and, in Australia, Aborigines mined ochre which was transported throughout the continent via an extensive nationwide trade network. Wilgie Mia red ochre deposit in the Weld Range, Western Australia, is a well-documented example, and the Bookartoo red ochre deposit in the northern Flinders Ranges is a local example of past Aboriginal mining activity.

The principal pigment minerals are:

• haematite,
  
  Fe₂O₃ (red)
  
• magnetite,
  
  Fe₃O₄ (brown to black)
  
• goethite,
  
   FeOOH.xH₂O (yellow)
  
• lepidocrocite,
  
   FeOOH.xH₂O (yellow).
  

Impurities such as manganese, clay and organics enhance the colour range of natural iron oxide pigments. Umber, for example, is a dark brown manganese-rich variety.

The chemical industry has developed a wide range of synthetic iron oxide pigments with superior uniformity, colour quality and chemical purity, but natural deposits remain competitive for many applications by virtue of their abundance and low extraction costs.

The principal use of pigment is as a colouring agent in paint, concrete products, building materials, ceramics and paper. Micaceous or specular haematite is a crystalline variety with a platy mica-like habit which finds extensive use in paint for external applications such as bridges, where its lamellar, anticorrosive properties are more important than its colour.

World production is estimated at ~0.4 Mt/year. Significant Australian resources include the Mount Gould micaceous haematite deposit in Western Australia with estimated reserves of 117 000 t, and yellow and brown ochres at Savage River, Tasmania, with reserves estimated at 72 000 t.

South Australian deposits

Micaceous haematite

Micaceous haematite platelets in a milled sample fraction from Mount Mystery

The Mount Mystery micaceous haematite deposit, ~50 km northeast of Marla, occurs as a discontinuous outcrop up to 8 m wide with a strike length of 450 m. It was emplaced along a fault separating late Adelaidean sediments from overlying Cambrian Wallatina Formation. In outcrop it is massive, hard and blue. Proven reserves are 30 000 t. A small open-cut development begun in 1995 has yielded 77 t to date.

At Warrakimbo, 90 km northeast of Port Augusta, dolomite of the Adelaidean Etina Formation hosts pods of massive micaceous haematite over a strike length of several hundred metres. These appear to have formed in a fault zone by replacement of a carbonate host. The bulk of the ore occurs in Main Lode which has a strike length of 45 m and maximum thickness 6.5 m. A bulk sample of 676 t, removed for metallurgical testwork in 1977, is the only recorded production. Beneficiation tests have shown the resultant micaceous iron oxide to be of high grade and to meet specifications for the manufacture of rust-resistant paints.

The Koraleigh micaceous haematite prospect, 6 km north of Kersbrook, occurs as a discontinuous unit with a strike length of 680 m and maximum width of 6 m. Calculated resources are 192 000 t at 46.5% Fe₂O₃. It is of sedimentary origin and has a simple mineralogy of ill-sorted detrital quartz and micaceous haematite.

Ochres

Yellow and red ochres have been mined from the oxidised zone of Adelaidean and Cambrian sediments at a few localities in the Flinders and Mount Lofty Ranges. The total recorded production of 4060 t was intermittent and ceased in 1953. The largest production came from the Copper King Mine, 16 km north of Beltana, where yellow, brown and red ochres were mined from an oxidised zone to 30 m depth. The ore occurs as irregular seams, pockets and veins in an ironstone developed on massive siderite. Yellow and golden ochres were won from ironstone bodies to a depth of 10 m at the Maltese Cross Mine near Oodla Wirra. Yellow ochre was mined from the Mount Sienna ochre mine, 5 km north of Birdwood; the ochre here occurs as a ferruginous gossan developed over a pyrite body and was mined to a depth of 25 m from veins and seams up to 1.5 m wide.

Several deposits of carphosiderite (hydrous iron sulphate) have been worked in the ‘Boolcoomata’ district, ~25 km north of Olary. Small parcels were gently roasted and processed to produce a red ochre.

Nickeliferous ochre has been identified at Claude Hills in the Musgrave Block. Drilling has outlined irregular bodies within ultramafic masses of Giles Complex basic igneous host rocks. Resources have been estimated at 6 Mt.

Many small resources of dark blue-grey and red haematite in the Middleback Range may be suitable as pigment or for processing into pigment.

EARLY PIGMENTS

For millennia, humans have beautified their world and expressed their thoughts by painting. Over the years, paintings have been made on virtually every imaginable surface. The common characteristic is that paint consists of ground up pigment in some sort of liquid. When the liquid dries into a film, the ground pigment is stuck to the painting surface. The first paintings were cave paintings, such as those pictured at right. Ancient peoples would decorate walls of protected caves with paint made from dirt or charcoal mixed with spit or animal fat. In cave paintings, the pigments (often carbon black or ochre) stick to the wall partially because the pigment gets trapped in the porous wall, and partially because the binding media (the spit or fat) dries, adhering the pigment to the wall. Over the years, countless graves unearthed by archaeologists exposed bodies covered in red pigment or chunks of pigment buried alongside bodies. Red, associated with blood, the most life-sustaining of a bodily fluids. was the appropriate color to symbolize life's meaning and end. The word hematite (the source of many iron oxide pigments) is derived from the Greek word, hema meaning blood. Prehistory Prehistoric dwellers may have discovered that unlike the dye colors derived from animal and vegetable sources, the color that came from iron oxide deposits in the earth would not fade with the changing environment. For this reason, it is estimated that men traveled long and far to maintain a steady supply of red pigment. In every locality where prehistoric sites were discovered, from Texas to South Africa, trails lead to near and far hematite deposits where man mined. It has even been deduced that the impetus behind all mining activities was sparked by prehistoric man's need for red pigment. Combining their expertise, art historians and conservators used examination, chemical analysis and ethnographical (cross-cultural) comparison to hypothetically reconstruct the artistic materials and techniques of the cave dweller. It is assumed that all the colors used by Paleolithic artists have a foundation of mineral oxide (either iron or manganese) or carbon. Their limited palette was produced from three basic colors: red, black and yellow. Reds, yellows, and browns came from the limonites and hematites (ochres and siennas), where a range from reddish brown to straw color is evident in the paintings. Shades of red-violet and mauve were perhaps the product of natural peroxide of iron transformed slowly and naturally into violet oxide. Blacks were derived from manganese ores and charcoal. Excavations in the Lascaux area prompted speculation that cave dwellers traveled as far as 25 miles to obtain ion oxide pigments The oxides of iron dug right out of the ground in the form of lumps were presumably rich in clay. This consistency was conducive to the formation of crayon sticks and also could be made into a liquid paste more closely resembling paint. It is believed the lumps were ground into a fine powder on the cave's natural stone hollows where stains were observed. Shoulder and other bones of large animals, stained with color, were discovered in the caves and presumed to be used as mortars for pigment grinding. The pigment was made into a paste with various binders, including water, vegetable juices, urine, animal fat, bone marrow, blood and albumen. Historians hypothesize that paint was applied by brushing, smearing, dabbing and spraying techniques. Large areas were covered with fingertips or pads of lichen or moss. Twigs produced drawn or linear marks, while feathers blended areas of color. Brushes made from horse hair were used for paint application and outlining. Paint spraying, accomplished by blowing paint through hollow bones, yielded a finely grained distribution of pigment, like airbrush. Iron oxide pigments constituted the basic palette of ancient artisans, from Egypt to India and China. The Minoans, attributed with inventing the fresco, mixed their pigments with water and applied them to a fresh lime surface. The technique, called buon fresco, requires pigments that bond permanently to lime. Iron oxide pigments, unaffected by alkalies, remain the basic palette of fresco painters, from the Minoans to the present.

Carbon black is the primary pigment in these Paleolithic horses from the Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in southeast France (over 30,000 years old). Notice the impression of quantity and the perspective emphasised by the progressive curvilinear bending of the heads. The shaping of the lower jaws is made with a stump and the line of the nostrils is finely outlined by scraping. Pigment store, Paris, 1887. Gustave Sennelier opened the doors of the Maison Sennelier at 3 Quai Voltaire in 1887. This Parisian landmark faces the Louvre on the Left Bank, just around the corner from the École des Beaux Arts. The storied wood paneled walls of Sennelier, perfumed with linseed oil, still evoke the romance of the 19th century. The store remains unchanged today, with the exception of electric lights in the chandeliers instead of gaslight.

PIGMENTS THROUGH THE AGES

Introduction

Paintings are made from mud and a stick with hairs...

Pigments are the basis of all paints, and have been used for millennia. They are ground colored material. Early pigments were simply as ground earth or clay, and were made into paint with spit or fat. Modern pigments are often sophisticated masterpieces of chemical engineering.

This exhibit includes most important pigments used through the early 20th century.

In a microscope, we see that paintings and other painted objects consist simply of pigments suspended in a substance -- like chips in a chocolate chip cookie. The "substance" can vary, from oil or egg yolk in paintings, to plaster in frescos, or sophisticated plastics in automobile finishes. Moreover there are many interesting relationships between pigments (the focus of this exhibit) and dyes, and even with the "visual pigments" found in our own eyes.

   

A modern pigment shop in Venice, Italy, where the "traditional" painter can buy pigments to mix into paints themselves. A turn-of-the-century merchant Mabille, who traded under the name Au rapin, c. 1905.